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Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)
The Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863) was fought during the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War by a small Union Army cavalry detachment of two companies (87 troops) of the 11th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry and advance units of Confederate Major General J.E.B. Stuart's Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia. Stuart's lead unit on the day of the battle was the 1st North Carolina Cavalry Regiment (9th State Troops) of Major General Wade Hampton's division of 2,000 men.〔〔Hampton's Brigade had 178 fit officers and 2,032 effective men when it rejoined Stuart's command after the Battle of Chancellorsville. Hartley, Chris J. (''Stuart's Tarheels: James B. Gordon and His North Carolina Cavalry in the Civil War'' ). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc., 2011. ISBN 978-0-7864-6364-0. p. 123. The brigade had 1,999 men at Union Mills, Maryland, three days after the battle. Wittenberg, 2006, pp. 299–300.〕 The main body of three divisions, often still referred to at this time as brigades, of the Confederate Cavalry Corps, about 40 percent of the total troops, was moving toward the Potomac River, soon after the start of the ride of his best divisions through and around the Union Army of the Potomac on their way to Pennsylvania. The skirmish occurred near the village of Fairfax Court House in Fairfax County, Virginia on June 27, 1863.〔Fairfax Court House, is about west of Washington, D.C. Modern highway driving distance between what today is Fairfax City, Virginia and Washington, D.C. is about . In 1861, Fairfax Court House was a village with about 300 inhabitants and the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia. Poland, Jr., Charles P. (''The Glories Of War: Small Battle And Early Heroes Of 1861'' ). Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4184-5973-4. p. 249. Retrieved May 10, 2011.〕〔The action took place between Fairfax Court House and Fairfax Station, Virginia, which are about apart. Because the culmination of the fight was closer to Fairfax Station, some historians have called this action a Skirmish at Fairfax Station. O'Neill, Robert F. ''Chasing Jeb Stuart and John Mosby: The Union Cavalry in Northern Virginia from Second Manassas to Gettysburg''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2012. ISBN 978-07864-7085-3. p. 245.〕
As Confederate General Robert E. Lee began to move his Army of Northern Virginia west and north from the Fredericksburg, Virginia area during the Gettysburg Campaign beginning June 3, 1863, the Confederate cavalry under the command of Jeb Stuart was assigned to keep the Union Army away from the Confederate infantry in order to screen their location and movement and to report on the movements of the Union Army. During a series of cavalry actions in mid-June 1863, Stuart's force largely accomplished this assignment but was surprised and fought on even terms for the first time by Union cavalry at the Battle of Brandy Station and the Battle of Upperville on June 9 and June 21. As the main body of the Confederate Army was passing into Maryland and Pennsylvania, Stuart persuaded Lee to give him discretionary orders to take three brigades of his cavalry through and around the Union Army in order to gather supplies and intelligence and to damage the Army of the Potomac's communications and supply lines. Stuart sought a significant role in the invasion of the North and an opportunity to set aside the embarrassments of the two surprise battles and restore his reputation as the dominant leader of cavalry in the war.
When the Confederate infantry cleared the Potomac River, accompanied or eventually joined by three other cavalry brigades, Stuart proceeded to ride through and around the Union Army in northern Virginia and central Maryland in order to harass and delay their movement, capture a wagon train of supplies, damage some communication and railroad property and to gather intelligence. Stuart's ride, which he could have abandoned early to allow return of his force to close contact with Lee's army, risked putting Stuart out of a position to provide timely intelligence and cavalry support to Lee. This risk was exposed as Stuart encountered several delays along the way. One of those delays was caused by the attack of the small Union cavalry force from the 11th New York Cavalry against Stuart's force of 2,000 men at Fairfax Court House on June 27, 1863.〔 One of the more audacious actions by a small force against a much larger one during the war, the battle not only delayed Stuart's ride but cost the Confederates the life of the 1st North Carolina Cavalry's promising young commanding officer, Major John H. Whitaker. Stuart did not arrive at Gettysburg until the afternoon of the second day of the battle on July 2, 1863. Stuart's overall delay engendered considerable contemporary and future criticism and controversy concerning the value and conduct of his ride around the Union Army and its possible negative effect on the Confederate Army's operations and performance at Gettysburg.
In the Fairfax Court House action, the Confederate force killed at least four of the Union troops and wounded or took prisoner most of the others. The Confederates suffered a similar number of killed and wounded according to the only report on their casualties by a Union sergeant. Some of the badly wounded Union prisoners were paroled at the site of the battle along with a few men to take care of them. Finding the prisoners from the 11th New York Cavalry and from other Union units to be too much of a burden on the march north, Stuart paroled them at Brookeville, Maryland on the night of June 28–29.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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